Tourism

Tourism

Tourism is the act of leaving his home for personal reasons, for a period exceeding 24 hours. This implies that the consumption of a night with a hotel and possibly reserving the ticket.
Initially linked solely to leisure and health, tourism also now includes all economic activities to which the person uses in an unusual move (transport, hotels, restaurants, etc..).
It may, for example, a business trip (this is called "business tourism") or a religious pilgrimage ("cultural tourism"). We may also seek treatment in another country than where you live, it is called medical tourism.
Practicing tourism also allows pausing in his schedule utility imposed by the need to earn a living.
Tourists generally interested in culture or landscapes he visits. This practice has long been the preserve of the wealthy who could afford to travel, to see the remarkable structures, works of art or taste other cuisines.
Tourism has spawned an industry where the middle classes in Western countries (Europe and North America) were able to start traveling. It is the general improvement of living standards that allowed people to spend more time on leisure activities, including tourism, not to mention the considerable progress in transport (shipping, rail but mostly aircraft).
For WTO (World Tourism Organization), "Tourism is a shift away from its usual place of residence for more than 24 hours but less than 4 months, for recreation, for business purposes (business travel) or sanitary purposes (health tourism

Le rôle du chemin de fer dans le développement du tourisme

The mass tourism began to develop only when the means of transport had increased and the number of people enjoying leisure time was increased. The invention of railways and the development of railways in the nineteenth century led to the growth of cities in the sea readily accessible to British citizens ... Blackpool was created by the construction of a line in the direction of Fleetwood and some resorts were promoted by the railway companies, Morecambe by the Midland Railway and Cleethorpes by the Great Central Railway. Other resorts included Scarborough in Yorkshire, servicing Leeds and Bradford Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, supplying the people of Bristol and Skegness, was attended by residents of the industrial East Midlands. The Cockneys of London flocked to Southend-on-Sea, mostly by boat paddle wheels of the Thames and the South Coast resorts such as Broadstairs, Brighton and Eastbourne were only a short journey by train, with other further as Bournemouth, Bognor Regis and Weymouth. 

 

 

 

 

For a century, local tourism was the norm, with foreign travel reserved for the rich or the culturally curious people. A number of destinations inland, as the Lake District National Park and Snowdonia appealed to those who loved the countryside and beautiful landscapes. The camp began to appear in the 1930s, but this has really expanded in the post-war period. Butlins and Pontins put up this trend, but their popularity waned with the rise of organized trips abroad and the increasing comforts to which visitors became accustomed at home. By the late 20th century this market has been revived by local stations upscale Dutch company Center Parcs.

 

 

 

Les fondateurs britanniques

 

 

 

The terms tourist and tourism were used officially for the first time by the League of Nations to name people who traveled abroad for periods of more than 24 hours. But the tourism industry is much older than that.
For there to be tourism, four key parameters must be met [ref. necessary]:

   1. the taste of the exotic, the discovery of other cultures;
   2. money available for non-core activities;
   3. free time;
   4. infrastructure and secure means of communication and facilitating the travel and stay.
The term became popular tour in Britain in the eighteenth century when the "Grand Tour of Europe" (Grand Tour of Europe) became a part of the education of young and wealthy British noblemen. To complete their education and escape the bad weather of their native island, many young people went all over Europe but especially in places of cultural interest and beauty such as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps, and European capitals.
Number of British and European artists from the sixteenth century were the "trip to Italy such as Claude Lorrain. If Rome, Naples and Florence has long attracted foreign visitors, is the influence of Romantic poets like Lord Byron and William Blake, who traveled the countryside, the Alps, the rivers and gorges of mountain folk.
British aristocrats of the eighteenth century particularly fond of the "Grand Tour", taking the opportunity to discover the artistic and archaeological treasures of Italy in particular, and accumulate art treasures from all over Europe. They played a prominent role in the birth of archeology, the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, in particular. They brought together works of art in quantities unequaled elsewhere in Europe, this explains the current wealth of many public and private collections in Britain. Tourism of that time was fundamentally elitist leisure travel and training that allowed her to meet with counterparts across Europe.
Tourism in the modern sense did not develop until the nineteenth century, and today represents most of the tourism industry.
The beginning of the industrialization of tourism was a British invention the nineteenth century, including the creation of the first travel agency Thomas Cook. This meets the growing needs of travel for all sorts of reasons, Britons whose country was the first European country to industrialize. Initially, only the owners of the means of production, factories, traders and the new middle class benefited from free time, but also urges increased travel, for example visit the expositions (the first world exposition held in London in 1851 and attracts several million visitors).
Tourism diversifies during the nineteenth century: leisure travel, business travel, spas, finding the sun to the cold season, particularly to treat tuberculosis, a scourge of the time.
The British origin of this new industry is attested by many names:

    * Nice, the long esplanade along the sea is still known as the Promenade des Anglais;
    * In many resorts in continental Europe, the hotels have names like Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic.
They are also British tourists who invented winter sports in Switzerland in the village of Zermatt. Before the arrival of tourists, the villagers of Zermatt just felt that their long snowy winter was a period when the best thing to do was stay away from the cold and make cuckoo clocks or other objects mechanical.

Colonial Tourism

An example of tourism development in the settlements where the Dutch East Indies. Between 1890 and 1910, the publications of travel guides are proliferating. The colonial government that understands the benefit can be derived from this interest, and constructed of step relay across the island of Java, pasanggrahan. Between 1900 and 1930, tourism by Europeans in Java is growing remarkably. At Batavia, the capital of the colony, a Travellers' Official Information Bureau publishes guides extolling the charms of the "East Indies". The tire manufacturer Goodyear publishes maps. Prestigious hotels were built across the island. This development is made possible by improved shipping links between Batavia and Singapore, the largest British colony in the region and already a port impor

Recent changes



Tourists no longer just "any person traveling outsidetheir usual environment for a period of at least oneovernight and one year (the definition of the World Tourism Organization) is a set much wider range ofactivities, practices varied considerably. Until 1936 ifthey were the preserve of upper class, with theintroduction of paid leave, it has grown any, and the mass of workers and their families can finally movewell for their approval. However, in many respects, tourism (as travel) remains a luxury only available toupper and middle classes of the population in developed countries .

Some trends emerge in recent years. Firstly, there is a fragmentation of the holiday period, with a concomitant spread of the "season". This trend towards fragmentation also contributes to develop local tourism. There is also a more pronounced taste for roaming: mobility increases with the weather, family needs, desires of the moment, various parties or events. This diversity of tastes and practices also contributes to the development of themed holidays. These factors imply a good knowledge of tourist flows.

In recent years, due to a reduction of working hours giving everyone more time for leisure but also the cost of life constantly increasing, limit spending, has created the 'tourism' one day "that is becoming more and more extension. A new form of tourism is growing in recent years: the creative tourism, offering visitors an active participation in the culture of a country or region.

 


Creative Tourism exists as a form of cultural tourism, since the origins of tourism. Refer to its European roots Grand Tour that carrying out the young European aristocrats in order to discover other cultures by making trips based on experience. More recently the creative tourism has been recognized as such by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, as a member of ATLAS - Association for Tourism and Leisure Education have led many projects and studies for the European Commission

Tourist guides


Paper Weekly, a weekly review of the National Union of publishing traditionally devotes a special issue on tourism and travel in March each year.

The tourist publishing: these are 1150 books published in 2000 by the French edition, mostly travel guides. The main purposes of travel guides are:
  * Identifying: itinerary, hotels, restaurants (eg backpacker's Guide)
     * The cultural monuments, sites, attractions, museums (eg Michelin Guides "green" and the like, Blue Guides)
The market is highly concentrated, largely dominated by the trio Hachette - Michelin - Gallimard, which alone represent about 80% of the market - but the editors of smaller carve out significant shares, for example the Little Smart, in 2000 with a production of 300 titles. Some guides welcome publicity, clearly presented as such.The tourist edition also features a niche production:

 # Shores: with charming destinations (customer profile)
# Otherwise: literary approach of destination, through the eyes of writers (a profile of writing)
# Parigramme over 100 titles devoted exclusively to Paris, including the collection's Guide walker (a single destination)
# Publishing Boating devoted exclusively to the boating, (a single activity for a very targeted customer),
# CitySpeaker guides: a collection of cultural and practical guides to download as audio files, playable on a portable digital



* Rando Editions: specialized structures on hiking in the Pyrenees, (a unique destination and a 
single activity).
     * or Solilang which marks daily life offers the passenger to travel experiences, sharing their everyday life.Moreover, unlike other areas editorials, publishers provincial, sometimes linked to major media groups, which supports their local distribution, are well represented: for example, France or West Rando Editions

Contenu éditorial

The dominant approach works produced by the publishing tourist destination is a geographical approach.

In recent years emerges a new type of guide, for target customer: for example, the Collection of Small Passenger Editions Milan, or Ado-guide launched by Editions de La Martiniere.

Another approach is possible: a thematic approach.

The oldest and most firmly established is devoted to restoring and hospitality (Michelin "Red", Gault Millau, Bottin Gourmand). The thematic approach is extended to other fields: ecology, recreation, religion, which correspond to the practices of tourists, or fields of supply
 # Holiday Green Guide Publishing Fraysse,
# Concept vacation outdoors, in recreational vehicles: Caravan Magazine Camping and Caravanning
# Jardins de France Editions Actes Sud,
# or breaks equestrian published by the National Federation of Cottages,
# and also guides to campsites
A condition for the success of the tourism edition is to stick as closely to developments in tourism, both thematic niches are they well suited.

Distribution
The Syndicat National de l'Edition evaluates the sale of books on tourism more than 11 million copies, slightly more than 75 million €. turnover. These books are sold mostly on paper in libraries that are likely to have a specialized department "Tourism, travel '. For example, for the FNAC, the radius tourism represents 15% of the activity bookstore (and occupies about 45% of linear


  humanities) or, in White Shadows, Book Toulouse, tourism is the subject of a store apart, strongly identified. Many large cities have at least one bookstore: Paris, Lyon, Montreal, Brussels, Lille, etc.. (see Annex 2c: List of bookstores)






Readership


Users guide do not hesitate to buy more guides about 2.5 guides for travel, or at least a general guide with hotels and restaurants and a cultural guide more. About 68% of the 40 million French people who go on holiday at least once a year buying guides tourism. Furthermore, it should be noted that develops the use of buying several guides for the region where you live, what is it for the development of local tourism.




Tourist guides are traditionally used during the trip, which for many a size adaptable to the glove compartment of the car. A number of guides (the same as the above or other) have a pre-trip basis, or a function of memory.In the first case (pre-trip), we find particular works precise and rigorous with factual and timely information: they are used to determine the route, and the projected visits also serve to budget travel. In the second case (remember), there are books with more editorial to complement the knowledge of the area discovered during the trip, the richest iconography falls into the category of fine illustrated books.

New media 


Most publishers of tourist guides now beginning a shift to electronic media online in the dynamics of e-tourism, while not abandoning the paper was for him to be itinerant, though heavy, and has over the major drawback of being outdated almost from its release, especially for practical information
The guide on electronic media, including online, for him to be updated instantly. It is particularly suited to a niche audience that is actively preparing for the trip, seeking reliable information and who has information and communication tools. The publishing of guidebooks focuses increasingly to new media including mobile
A good example is provided in electronic format by the Australian publisher Lonely Planet (which publishes mostly still on paper) that the French site receives 80,000 visitors per month in 2001 (it should be noted that its English site receives nearly 3 million visitors per month). This site is not a merchant, portal function is preferred, but Lonely Planet is working on a draft guide sold directly online. Guides created by LP are already available on PSP for some major European cities
The Backpacker's Guide is the guidebook publisher whose website is the most visited (in 2007, the site would record more than 700,000 page views per day [11]), and has now expanded to offer audio guides, in partnership with New Frontiers, and guides on GPS, in partnership with the manufacturer Navigon. As for Michelin, some places from the Guide Rouge or the Green Guides are now available on the GPS developed by the mark.But the tour guides are generally lagging behind in providing electronic English-speaking guides: lonelyplanet.com site offers sample chapters to download, Rough Guides offers many alternatives for the full consultation of online guides, podcasts , guides the form of ebooks, interactive maps and places to download to an iPod; DK launched has launched a new interactive website dedicated to travel, based on the information collections Eyewitnes

The journals In tourism, magazines abound. Each editor selects a specific editorial axis. These may include travel andphotography, nature or culture and history. In recent years the regional focus was also explored withmagazines dedicated to some French regions.We can neglect the thematic magazines devote entire sections totravel as is the case for magazines dealing with horseback riding, hiking, golf, diving, fishing ... but also greatfor daily or weekly which is an essential travel item that thrills readers. The tour guides were also periodic, as with Michelin Stars or The Rough Guide. Other guidesprovide editorial content via partnerships with the media.
Finally, the trade press is also present in the field of business travel, conventions, tourism and transport and accommodation.